FROM CARTOON
are scholars who see comics as a cultural product of industrial modernity and Western policy that emerged in parallel with the evolution of newspapers as a primary means of communication mass.
cartoon / comic is called a series of drawings that make up a story, with text or without it, and the book or magazine that contains it, and the environment as a whole. They are "juxtaposed illustrations and other images in deliberate sequence intended to convey information or get a reader's aesthetic response" (Scott McCloud). HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
speaking of the ancestors of the cartoon, it is inevitable to name the first tribes in the world, according to Rene Huygen ( Art and the man , Editorial Planeta, Madrid, 1977) began to create images caves images of animals, not utilitarian sense sino como una forma de expresarse.Los primeros dibujos que conocemos fueron realizados por nuestras antepasados en la era del paleolítico. Estos dibujos consistían en simples figuras lineales.
Luego, estos dibujos fueron evolucionando de simples líneas a grabados rupestres con un alto valor simbólico y ritual, comunes en el periodo Neolítico. Posteriormente, estos dibujos se convirtieron en propósitos decorativos en la era de los metales.
Siguiendo el rastro a la historia de los dibujos, nos encontramos con los antiguos egipcios. Estos representaban muchos de sus mitos en dibujos y jeroglíficos que realizaban sobre hojas de papiro, y también en murales en forma secuencial , Including images and hieroglyphic texts.
According
civilizations were formed, the man felt the need to express their particular point of view through various art forms. Medieval altarpieces are a good example of the drawing sequence of events. Through these images explain to people stories, crime and general events that had occurred. You can also mention some Hyeronnimus paintings of Bosch, Brueghel and Goya, which take on a narrative. CARTOON PRINTED
However, the history of comics is more properly associated with the birth of printing and the Alleluia. Documentary, according to the entry made in the first volume of Historical Dictionary of the English language SAR, hallelujah-article in one of the fifteen major meanings of the word refers specifically to these pictures, which were launched into the air in certain times during church. Over time it lost this meaning and the word hallelujah eventually become popular as the common name referred to the sheet or sheet of paper imprinted with a series of vignettes, with text at the bottom, forming a narrative description or pictures.
The comic (which arises almost While the film) will soon develop its particular iconic language, and the early cartoons, all the same size and the text at the bottom or tentatively included in the picture, replaced by bullets of different sizes and location and, above all, evolve fast modes and scope of the texts.
These include, almost from the beginning, balloons and snacks, its particular shape and size and design of the letters are, by themselves, a whole way of independent expression. The use of onomatopoeia, written in large letters, symbols and universally accepted (like a saw cutting a log to sleep state or a light bulb going on to explain that the character has had an idea) have a range of communication that can hardly achieve other means of expression. Initially, these stories were comic character, hence the name: comic-strip (comic strip).
At present, there are still disputes about which was the first comic released through the miraculous invention of printing. Many suggest that probably the first comic book was "Lenardo und Blandine" (1783) Franz Josef von Goez.La mass reproduction of the drawing was not possible, however, until 1789, when it was discovered lithography as this direct printing on the page without any human process through, thanks to multi-resistant plates pressed. In 1796, Jean-Charles Pellerin began in France, specifically in the region of Epinal, industry production of prints known as images of Epinal. Two of the greatest cartoonists of the eighteenth century Britain, Isaac (1756-1811) and George Cruikshank (1792-1878) adapt in broadsheets (leaflets) the adventures of Tom and Jerry, devised by Pierce Egan. CHRONOLOGY
CARTOON-1829
XVI century:
1. Aleluyas
2. "The first new chronicle and good government" (circa 1615) by Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala
3. The number of English paintings William Hogarth (1697-1764)
4. "Lenardo und Blandine" (1783) Franz Josef von Goez
5. Epinal images of Jean-Charles Pellerin.
6. "Tom and Jerry" devised by Pierce Egan, adapted from Isaac and George Cruikshank (S.18) 1830-94
1. "Le Caricature" created by Le Charivari purged political criticism in favor of simple humor.
2. "Histoire de M. Jabot "(1833), published by the Franco-Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer.
3. The British monthly magazine Punch (1841) was the engine of global growth story.
4." Fliegende Blatter "(1848) in Germany
5. "Max und Moritz" (1865) authored by Wilhelm Busch
6. "The Japan Punch" (1862-1987)
7. "La Flaca" (1869-76) in Spain
8. "Puck" (1877), "Judge" (1881) and "Life" (1883) U.S.
9. "Alley Sloper, created by WG Baster in 1884 for the magazine Alley Sloper's Half Holiday
10." La Famille Fenouillard "created by Georges Colomb for Le Petit Français illustré in 1889
11." Little Bears and Tigers ", the U.S. James Swinnerton in 1892.
12. In 1893 he joined with color comics in the Sunday New York World any supplements. 1895-1923
1. 1914 he founded the Kings Feature Syndicate, the first agency for the distribution of comics.
2. "Hogan's Alley" (1895) by Outcault: starring "The Yellow Kid," "The Katzenjamer Kids" (1897) Rudolph Dirks, inspired by Max and Moritz Busch, and "Happy Hooligan" by Frederick Burr Opper, which progressively serve dialog balloons.
3. "Little Nemo in Slumberland" (1905) of McCay
4. "Krazy Kat" (1911) of Herriman.
5. "Polly and Her Pals" (1912) by Cliff Sterrett
6. "Bringing Up Father" (1913) by McManus
7. "Thimble Theater" (1919) in which Segar Popeye would
8. "Gasoline Alley" (1919) by Frank King
9. "Tillie the Toiler" Westover in 1921.
10. The hitorietas in the rest of the world:
a) The original wordless novels by Frans Masereel (1890)
b) "Chip and Comic Cuts" (1890)
c) Tico-Tico "(1905. Brazil)
d) "Corriere dei piccoli" (1908. Italy)
e) "The Adventures of Shoch" (1923. Japan) Shousei Oda / Tofujin
f) "The Three Musketeers in Boots in the head" (1930), Taisei Makino / Suimei Imoto
g) The international use of the balloons did not generalize to the Belgian "Zig et Puce" (1925) by Alain Saint-Ogan. 1924-42
1. "Li'l Abner" (1934) Al Capp
2. "Wash Tubbs" (1924) by Roy Crane
3. "Buck Rogers" (1929) Dick Calkins
4. "Dick Tracy" (1931) by Chester Gould
5. "Flash Gordon" (1934) Alex Raymond
6. "Prince Valiant" (1937) by Harold Foster
7. In Japan, meanwhile, include children's adventure series like Speed \u200b\u200bTaro (1930-1933) of Sako Shishido, Ogon Bat (1930, Ichiro Suzaki / Takeo Nagamatsu and The Adventures of Dankichi (1934), of Keizo Shimada and comic strip Fuku-Chan (1936 -), Ryuichi Yokohama.
8. "Terry and the Pirates" (1934) of Milton Caniff
9. "The Phantom" (1936) and "Mandrake the Magician" (1939) of Lee Falk
10. "The Funnies", comes the concept of super heroes, the first of which would be Superman (1938) and still others like Batman (1939) or Captain America and Wonder Woman, (both in 1941).
11. "Norakuro" (1931-1941), comic Tagawa Suihou Japanese war.
12. "Spirit" (1940) by Will Eisner. 1943-62
1. "Johnny Hazzard" (1944) by Frank Robbins
2. "Rip Kirby" (1946) Alex Raymond
3. "Nancy" (1938) by Ernie Bushmill
4. "Barnaby" (1942) by Crockett Johnson
5. "Pogo" (1948) by Walt Kelly
6. "BC" and "Peanuts" (1950) by Charles Schulz Snoopy was born the world-famous.
7. Cartoons on various themes emerge:
a) "Planet Comics" (1940)
b) "Crime Does Not Pay "(1942)
c)" Frankenstein Comics "(1945)
d)" Young Romance "(1947)
e) Comics" western "EC Comics
7. In 1954, psychiatrist Fredric Wertham attacks and a Senate Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency triggered widespread falls in sales and the creation by the survivors publishers of The Comics Magazine Association of America, which established the Comics Code Authority (in practice self-censorship) .
8. Finally, renewed U.S. interest in comic-book superhero thanks to titles like:
a) The Justice League (1960)
b) Fantastic Four (1961)
c) Spider-Man (1962)
9. MAD Magazine (1952)
10. the bulk of U.S. production of cartoons, for the second half of the sixties, had receded and was under French or Italian production.
11. Comics worldwide:
a) Argentina : "Rico Tipo" (1943), "Auntie Vicenta" (1957), "Sergeant Kirk" (1952), "The Eternauta" (1957), "Ernie Pike" of (1957), Mort Cinder (1962).
b) Franco-Belgian : "Blake and Mortimer" (1946) by Edgar P. Jacobs, "Lucky Luke" (1946) of Morris; "Jerry Spring" (1954) of Jijé, "Thomas Lagaffe" (1957) by André Franquin, "The Smurfs" (1958) Peyo.
c) Japan: there is the manga. "Manga Shonen" (1947) by Osamu Tezuka; Sazae-san (1946-1974) of Machiko Hasegawa. 1962-87
1. "Modesty Blaise" (1963) by Peter O'Donnell / Jim Holdaway
2. "Valerian agent spatio-temporal" (1967), Christin / Mezieres
3. "Corto Maltese" (1967) by Hugo Pratt
4. "Mortadelo and Philemon" by Francisco Ibáñez
5. The cartoons take a less youthful twist:
a) "Diabolik" (1962), and Lucianna sisters Angela Giussani
b) "Blueberry" (1963) Charlier / Jean Giraud
c) "Comanche" (1969), Greg / Hermann
d) "Creepy" (1964)
e) "Eerie" (1966)
f) "Vampirella" (1969)
g) " Lone Wolf and Cub "(1970), Kazuo Koike / Goseki Kojima
h)" Green Lantern "and" Green Arrow "(1970) Dennis O'Neil / Neal Adams
i)" Garo "(1964), underground magazine the history of manga.
j) Back in the 80's the only adult-themed cartoons were created by Guido Crepax, Milo Manara and Serpieri.
k) "Watchmen" (1986), by Alan Moore / Dave Gibbons
6. Develop the stories of author (Tardi or Lauzier, Carlos Gimenez, Enki Bilal, Vittorio Giardino, Carlos Sampayo / José Muñoz) and the graphic novel (Dave Sim with Cerebus (1977), Love and Rockets (1981), as Sakai Usagi Yojimbo (1984)).
7. Cartoons for the female audience: The Rose of Versailles (1972), Ikeda Riyoko or Candy Candy (1975-79) by Kyoko Mizuki / Yumiko Igarashi.
8. The comic is no longer a mass medium to become more expensive formats such as albums or glossy magazines.
1988: EXPANSION OF MANGA
1. Japanese cartoons began to spread worldwide: Akira (1982-1993), Katsuhiro Otomo and Dragon Ball (1984-1995) by Akira Toriyama.
2. Groups emerge as the Amerimanga (manga American) or the nouvelle manga (new sleeve), whose creators are Europeans and Americans.
DECADE OF 90:
1. Image Comics was founded in 1992, with series like "Spawn" or "The Maxx".
2. DC Comics Vertigo line officially founded in 1993 to host the work of British authors like Neil Gaiman or Grant Morrison. EMERGING
webcomics:
webcomics began to appear in the first half of the nineties, but it was during the last years of the decade when the number and importance of these began to grow dramatically, so much that there is a joke among the authors who said that " a successful webcomic, begin in 1998. " Thus, between 1992 and 2000 appeared very successful works as follows.
* Sluggy Freelance User Friendly
* * * Penny Arcade PvP
* Sexy Losers
* Bob and George
* Freefall
These webcomics became especially popular after publishing his book Scott McCloud comic book revolution in August 2000. Since then, there has been a strong growth of webcomics in English-speaking, with the appearance of publications such as Megatokyo, 8-bit Theater, VGCats, Ctrl + Alt + Del and Sparkling Generation Valkyrie Yuuki, among others.
Among the American public in particular webcomic phenomenon is so powerful that many authors, although they are publishing their works for free on the Web, are able to make a living solely through their webcomics, mainly through income advertising and merchandising. Many of those mentioned above can be included in this category, although the most famous case is probably the Penny Arcade, whose authors (Mike Krahulik and Jerry Holkins) spent several years living on his website, which they themselves mentioned in March 2006 he received two million hits a day. Penny Arcade The phenomenon comes to the point that the authors conducted an annual video game trade show called PAX comparable to the former E3, and a campaign of charity annual also called Child's Play that in 2006 alone raised more than a million dollars in material and donations to hospitals around the world.
The success of free distribution by the authors, both amateur and professional, has led to the creation of new online tools that facilitate the publication of webcomics by any party, as ComicGenesis platforms, or systems Webcomics Nation BlogSpot weblog as being some of the most common examples.
SOURCES:
Drawing in prehistory
TodoHistorietas.Com.Ar
Weblitoral
Wikipedia: comic
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